For large-scale energy storage, Na is attractive due to its global abundance and distribution, making it widely available. Commercially relevant Na batteries today can be roughly grouped into two primary classes: molten Na batteries and NaIBs.
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According to BloombergNEF, the world will need over 1,000 GW / 2,850 GWh of energy storage by 2040, with lithium-ion leading deployments. The International Energy Agency (IEA) anticipates battery storage capacity will have to scale up 20 times by 2030 to hit net-zero.
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In 2025, the typical cost of commercial lithium battery energy storage systems, including the battery, battery management system (BMS), inverter (PCS), and installation, ranges from $280 to $580 per kWh. Larger systems (100 kWh or more) can cost between $180 to $300 per kWh.
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When you connect battery packs in series, you're essentially lining them up so that the positive terminal of one battery pack is connected to the negative terminal of the next one.
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